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In 1875The Chinese were then punished for supporting the British invasion, and the fortress city of, initially populated by 1200 Spanish families and garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops, kept its cannons pointed at, the world's oldest. The population was concentrated at the south part of Manila, and also at, where ships from Spain's American colonies docked, and at, an area so named because of a Mexican hermit that lived there. The Philippines hosts the only Latin American-established districts in Asia. When the Spanish evacuated, they settled the refugees in which was named after their former homeland.The rise of Spanish Manila marked the first time in world history where all hemispheres and continents were interconnected in a worldwide trade network.

Thus, making Manila, alongside and, the world's, predating the ascent of modern Alpha class like or as global financial centers, by hundreds of years. A Spanish Jesuit Priest commented that due to the confluence of many foreign languages gathering in Manila, he said that the confessional in Manila is 'the most difficult in the world.' Another Spanish missionary in the 1600s by the name of Fray Juan de Cobo was so astonished by the manifold commerce, cultural complexity and ethnic diversity in Manila he thus wrote the following to his brethren in Mexico:'The diversity here is immense such that I could go on forever trying to differentiate lands and peoples. There are Castilians from all provinces. There are Portuguese and Italians; Dutch, Greeks and Canary Islanders, and Mexican Indians.

There are slaves from Africa brought by the Spaniards Through America, and others brought by the Portuguese Through India. There is an African Moor with his turban here. There are Javanese from Java, Japanese and Bengalese from Bengal.

Among all these people are the Chinese whose numbers here are untold and who outnumber everyone else. From China there are peoples so different from each other, and from provinces as distant, as Italy is from Spain. Finally, of the mestizos, the mixed-race people here, I cannot even write because in Manila there is no limit to combinations of peoples with peoples. This is in the city where all the buzz is.' (Remesal, 1629: 680–1).

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—After in 1821, Spain began to govern Manila directly. Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry and education flourished more than they had in the previous two centuries.

The opening of the in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain. The city's growing wealth and education attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces and facilitated the rise of an class that espoused ideas: the ideological foundations of the, which sought independence from Spain.

A revolt by was inspired by the. Following the and the, the Philippine revolution eventually erupted, Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel and thus their role was immortalized in the where Manila was marked as one of the eight rays of the symbolic sun.American period After the, Spain ceded Manila to the. The, based in nearby, fought against the Americans for control of the city. The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic captured President, who declared allegiance to the United States on April 1, 1901.Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901, the Americans made official what had long been tacit: that the city of Manila consisted not of Intramuros alone but also of the surrounding areas.

The new charter proclaimed that Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts: presumably Binondo, Intramuros,. In addition, the recognized five parishes—Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-Balic, and Singalong—as part of Manila. Later, two more would be added: Balut.

Running along during the.The planned buildings included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from to the present. The Philippine Capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing toward the sea.

Along with buildings for various government bureaus and departments, it would form a quadrangle with a in the center and a monument to at the other end of the field. Of Burnham's proposed government center, only three units—the Legislative Building and the buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments—were completed when erupted.Japanese occupation and World War II. In the 1970s before the construction ofIn 1948, President moved the seat of government of the Philippines to, a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, created in 1939 during the administration of President. The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government centre to be at Luneta.With the Visayan-born as its first elected in 1952 (all mayors were appointed before this), Manila underwent The Golden Age, once again earning its status as the 'Pearl of the Orient', a moniker it earned before the Second World War. After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by for most of the 1960s. (an ) was mayor for nearly the entire 1970s until the 1986.

Mayors Lacson, Villegas, and Bagatsing are collectively known as the 'Big Three of Manila' for their contribution to the development of the city and their lasting legacy in improving the quality of life and welfare of the people of Manila.During the administration of, the region of Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975.

The area encompassed four and thirteen adjoining, as a separate regional unit of government. On the 405th anniversary of the city's foundation on June 24, 1976, Manila was reinstated by President Marcos as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period. Presidential Decree No. 940 states that Manila has always been to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the Philippines being the center of trade, commerce, education and culture. Concurrent with the reinstatement of Manila as the capital, Ferdinand Marcos designated his wife, as the first governor of Metro Manila.

She started the rejuvenation of the city as she re-branded Manila as the '.During the, Manila became a hot-bed of resistance activity as youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military which were subservient to the Marcos regime. After decades of resistance, the non-violent (predecessor to the peaceful-revolutions that ), led by and, ousted the dictator Marcos from power. Contemporary period (1986-present) From 1986–1992, was mayor of Manila. During his early years, his administration was faced with 700 million pesos worth of debt and inherited an empty treasury.

In the first eleven months, however, the debt was reduced to 365 million pesos and the city's income rose by around 70% eventually leaving the city with positive income until the end of his term. Lopez closed down numerous illegal gambling joints. In January 1990, Lopez padlocked two Manila casinos operated by the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR), saying the billions it gained cannot make up for the negative effects gambling inflicts upon the people, particularly the youth. He also revived the Boys’ Town Haven (now referred to as “Boys Town”), rehabilitating its facilities to accommodate underprivileged children and provide them with livelihood and education.In 1992, was elected mayor, the first to hold the office.

He was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by, who served as his vice mayor. Atienza was known for his campaign (and city slogan) ' Buhayin ang Maynila' ( Revive Manila), which saw the establishment of several parks and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating facilities. He was the city's mayor for 3 terms (9 years) before being termed out of office. Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated Atienza's son Ali in the 2007 city election and immediately reversed all of Atienza's projects claiming Atienza's projects made little contribution to the improvements of the city. The relationship of both parties turned bitter, with the two pitting again during the in which Lim won against Atienza. Lim was sued by councilor Dennis Alcoreza on 2008 over, charged with over the rehabilitation of public schools, and was heavily criticized for his haphazard resolution of the, one of the deadliest hostage crisis in the Philippines.

Later on, Vice Mayor and 28 city councilors filed another case against Lim in 2012, stating that Lim's statement in a meeting were 'life-threatening' to them. View of the in with the looming in the background.In 2012, began constructing, which became controversial for of. The tower is infamously known as 'Terror de Manila' or the 'national photobomber.' The is regarded as one of the most sensationalized heritage issues of the country. In 2017, the erected a 'comfort woman' statue along, which made Japan express regret that such statue was erected in the city despite the healthy relationship between Japan and the Philippines.In the, former President defeated Lim in the mayoral race. During his term, Estrada allegedly paid ₱5 billion in city debts and increased the city's revenues. In 2015, in line with President 's administration progress, the city became the most competitive city in the Philippines, making the city the best place for doing business and for living in.

In the, Estrada narrowly won over Lim in their electoral rematch. Throughout Estrada's term, numerous Filipino were demolished, gutted out, or approved for demolition.

Among such sites are the post-war Santa Cruz Building, Capitol Theater, El Hogar, old Magnolia Ice Cream Plant, and Rizal Memorial Stadium, among many others Some of these sites were saved upon the intervention of various cultural agencies of government and heritage advocate groups against Estrada's orders. In May 2019, Estrada claimed that Manila was debt-free, however, two months later, the Commission on Audit verified that Manila has a total of 4.4 billion pesos in debt.Estrada, who was seeking for reelection for his third and final term lost to in the.

Moreno has served as the Vice Mayor under both the Lim and Estrada Administration. Estrada's defeat was seen as the end of their reign as a political clan, whose other family members run for various national and local positions. After assuming office, Moreno initiated a city-wide cleanup against illegal vendors, signed an executive order promoting open governance, and vowed to stop bribery and corruption in the city.The city has an ordinance penalizing since 2018, and is the second city in the Philippines to do so after passed a similar ordinance in 2016. Recently, the City Government is planning to revise existing curfew ordinance since the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional on August 2017. Out of the three cities reviewed by the Supreme Court, namely: the City of Manila, and; only the curfew ordinance of Quezon City was approved.Under the proposed form of, Manila may no longer be the capital or Metro Manila may no longer be the seat of government. The committee has not yet decided on the federal capital and states that they are open to other proposals. Geography.

Photo of Manila (just left of center) and surrounding citiesThe City of Manila is situated on the eastern shore of, on the western edge of, 1,300 km (810 mi) from mainland. One of Manila's greatest natural resources is the protected harbor upon which it sits, regarded as the finest in all of Asia.

The flows through the middle of city, dividing it into the north and south. The overall of the city's central, built-up areas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The Manila Bay sunsetAlmost all of Manila sits on top of centuries of prehistoric deposits built by the waters of the Pasig River and on some land reclaimed from. Manila's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable along the waterfronts since the American colonial times. Some of the city's natural variations in topography have been evened out.

As of 2013, Manila had a total area of 42.88 square kilometers.In 2017, the City Government approved five reclamation projects: the (New Manila Bay International Community) (407.43 hectares), Solar City (148 hectares), the Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares), Manila Waterfront City (318 hectares) and Horizon Manila (419 hectares). Once completed, it will increase the city's total area from 42.88 km 2 (4,288 ha) to 58.3 km 2 (5,830 ha). Another reclamation project is possible and when built, it will contain the in-city housing relocation projects. Reclamation projects have been criticized by environmental activists and the Philippine, claiming that these are not sustainable and would put communities at risk of flooding.

In line of the upcoming reclamation projects, the and the forged a cooperation to craft the ₱250 million Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan to guide future decisions on programs and projects on. Climate Under the system, Manila has a ( Aw), bordering closely on a ( Am). Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the means that temperatures are hot year-round especially during the daytime, rarely going below 19 °C (66.2 °F) or above 39 °C (102.2 °F).

Temperature extremes have ranged from 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) on January 11, 1914, to 38.6 °C (101.5 °F) on May 7, 1915.Humidity levels are usually very high all year round, making the temperature feel hotter than it is. Manila has a distinct from late November through early March, and a relatively lengthy that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler temperatures during the daytime. In the wet season, it rarely rains all day, but rainfall is very heavy during short periods.

Usually occur from June to September. See also:ranked Manila as the second riskiest capital city to live in, citing its exposure to natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, floods and landslides. The seismically active poses a threat of a large-scale with an estimated between 6–7 and as high as 7.6 to and nearby provinces. Manila has endured several deadly earthquakes, notably in and in 1677 which destroyed the stone and brick medieval city. The style was used by architects during the Spanish colonial period in order to adapt to the frequent earthquakes.Manila is hit with five to seven typhoons yearly. In 2009, struck the Philippines. It led to one of the worst floodings in and several provinces in Luzon with an estimated damages worth ₱11 billion ($237 million).

The floodings caused 448 deaths in Metro Manila alone. Following the aftermath of Typhoon Ketsana, the city began to dredge its rivers and improve its drainage network. The south of Manila is also home to a now dormant volcano, which in the past threatened the capital with landslides and volcanic eruptions.Pollution. Pollution inDue to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila suffers from, affecting 98% of the population. Air pollution alone causes more than 4,000 deaths yearly.

On a 1995 report, Ermita is regarded as Manila's most air polluted district due to. According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily. The city is the second biggest waste producer in the country with 1,151.79 tons (7,500.07 cubic meters) per day, after which yields 1,386.84 tons or 12,730.59 cubic meters per day. Both cities were cited as having poor management in garbage collection and disposal.The is in charge of cleaning up the Pasig River and for transportation, recreation and tourism purposes. Rehabilitation efforts have resulted in the creation of parks along the riverside, along with stricter pollution controls.

Cityscape. The bay skyline of Manila as seen from Harbour Square. (2009)Manila is a. In 1905, American Architect and Urban Planner was commissioned to design the new capital. His design for the city was based on the, which features broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles. The city is made up of fourteen city districts, according to Republic Act No. 409—the Revised Charter of the City of Manila—the basis of which officially sets the present-day boundary of the city.

Two districts were later created, which are (partitioned off from Sampaloc) and (partitioned off from Santa Ana).Manila's mix of reflects the turbulent and country. During the Second World War, Manila was razed to the ground by the Japanese forces and the shelling of American forces.

After the liberation, rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the historic buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated or otherwise left to deteriorate. Manila's current urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture.Architecture. The, an example of with Filipino stylized beaux artAlmost all of Manila's prewar and Spanish colonial architecture were destroyed during its by the intensive bombardment of the United States Air Force during. Reconstruction took place afterwards, replacing the destroyed historic Spanish-era buildings with modern ones, erasing much of the city's character.

Some buildings destroyed by the war have been reconstructed, such as the Old Legislative Building (now the ), (now the Bureau of the Treasury) and the currently under construction (as the ). There are plans to rehabilitate and/or restore several neglected historic buildings and places such as Plaza Del Carmen, and the. Spanish-era shops and houses in the districts of, and are also planned to be restored, as a part of a movement to restore the city to its former glory and its beautiful prewar state.Since Manila is prone to earthquakes, the Spanish colonial architects invented the style called Earthquake Baroque which the churches and government buildings during the Spanish colonial period adopted. As a result, succeeding earthquakes of the 18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila, although it did periodically level the surrounding area. Modern buildings in and around Manila are designed or have been retrofitted to withstand an 8.2 magnitude quake in accordance to the country's building code. Demographics Population Census of ManilaYearPop.±% p.a.1903219,9,613+1.,492+3.,906+5.20%19601,138,611+1.22%19701,330,788+1.57%19751,479,116+2.14%19801,630,485+1.97%19901,601,234−0.18%19951,654,761+0.62%20001,581,082−0.97%20071,660,714+0.68%20101,652,171−0.19%20151,780,148+1.43%Source. People flocking the street market at.According to the 2015 census, the population of the city was 1,780,148, making it the in the Philippines.

Manila is in the world, with 41,515 inhabitants per km 2 in 2015. District 6 is listed as being the most dense with 68,266 inhabitants per km 2, followed by District 1 with 64,936 and District 2 with 64,710. District 5 is the least densely populated area with 19,235.Manila's population density dwarfs that of (24,252 inhabitants per km 2), (20,482 inhabitants per km 2), (20,164 inhabitants per km 2), (29,069 inhabitants per km 2), (16,364 inhabitants per km 2, with its most dense district, Nanshi, having a density of 56,785 inhabitants per km 2), and (10,087 inhabitants per km 2).Manila has been presumed to be the Philippines' largest city since the establishment of a permanent Spanish settlement with the city eventually becoming the political, commercial and ecclesiastical capital of the country. Its population increased dramatically since the 1903 census as the population tended to move from rural areas to towns and cities.

In the 1960 census, Manila became the first Philippine city to breach the one million mark (more than 5 times of its 1903 population). The city continued to grow until the population somehow 'stabilized' at 1.6 million and experienced alternating increase and decrease starting the 1990 census year. This phenomenon may be attributed to the higher growth experience by suburbs and the already very high population density of city. As such, Manila exhibited a decreasing percentage share to the metropolitan population from as high as 63% in the 1950s to 27.5% in 1980 and then to 13.8% in 2015. The much larger marginally surpassed the population of Manila in 1990 and by the 2015 census already has 1.1 million people more. Nationally, the population of Manila is expected to be overtaken by cities with larger territories such as and by 2020.The vernacular language is, based mostly on the of surrounding areas, and this Manila form of spoken Tagalog has essentially become the of the Philippines, having spread throughout the archipelago through mass media and entertainment.

Is the language most widely used in education, business, and heavily in everyday usage throughout Metro Manila and the Philippines itself.A scant number of residents can speak Spanish, and many children of, and other origins also speak their parents' languages at home, aside from English and/or Filipino for everyday use. A variant of, (locally known as Lan'nang-oe) is mainly spoken by the city's community. According to data provided by the Bureau of Immigration, a total of.

A of theCrime in Manila is concentrated in areas associated with poverty, and gangs. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The is a major problem of the city. In alone, 92% of the are affected by illegal drugs.From 2010 to 2015, the city had the second highest index crime rates in the Philippines, with 54,689 cases or an average of about 9,100 cases per year.

By October 2017, the (MPD) reported a 38.7% decrease in index crimes, from 5,474 cases in 2016 to only 3,393 in 2017. MPD's crime solution efficiency also improved, wherein six to seven out of 10 crimes have been solved by the city police force. MPD was cited was the Best Police District in in 2017 for registering the highest crime solution efficiency. Religion Christianity As a result of cultural influence, Manila is a predominantly city.

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As of 2010, were 93.5% of the population, followed by adherents of the (2.4%); (1.9%); various churches (1.8%); and (1.1%). Members of Islam and other religions make up the remaining 1.4% of its population.Manila is the seat of prominent Catholic churches and institutions. There are 113 Catholic churches within the city limits; 63 are considered as major shrines, basilicas, or a cathedral. The is the seat of the and the oldest established church in the country. Aside from the Manila Cathedral, there are also three other basilicas in the city:, and the. The in Intramuros is a and is one of the two fully air-conditioned Catholic churches in the city.

Manila also has other parishes located throughout the city, with some of them dating back to the Spanish Colonial Period when the city serves as the base for numerous Catholic missions both within the Philippines and to Asia beyond.Several denominations are headquartered in the city. In the Santa Cruz district is the see of the ' Diocese of Central Philippines, while align Taft Avenue are the main cathedral and central offices of the (also called the Aglipayan Church, a that was a product of the ). Other faiths like has several churches in the city.The indigenous has several locales (akin to parishes) in the city, including its very first chapel (now a museum) in Punta, Santa Ana., and denominations also thrive within the city. The headquarters of the Philippine Bible Society is in Manila.

Also, the main campus of the is located along. Also has several branches and campuses in Manila, and celebrates its anniversary yearly at the Burnham Green and Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park. Aerial view of, the city's Chinatown and business district.Manila is a major center for commerce, banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate, as well as, advertising, legal services, accounting, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines.

Around 60,000 establishments operate in the city.The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency and infrastructure. According to the 2016 CMCI, Manila was the second most competitive city in the Philippines. Manila placed third in the Highly Urbanized City (HUC) category. Manila held the title country's most competitive city in 2015, and since then has been making it to the top 3, assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business. Lars Wittig, the country manager of Regus Philippines, hailed Manila as the third best city in the country to launch a start-up business. The, the chief port of the Philippines.The is the largest seaport in the Philippines, making it the premier international shipping gateway to the country.

The is the government agency responsible to oversee the operation and management of the ports. The cited by the as one of the top five major maritime terminal operators in the world has its headquarters and main operations on the ports of Manila. Another port operator, the Asian Terminal Incorporated, has its corporate office and main operations in the Manila South Harbor and its container depository located in.Binondo, the oldest and one of the largest in the world, was the center of commerce and business activities in the city. Numerous residential and office skyscrapers are found within its medieval streets. Plans to make the Chinatown area into a (BPO) hub progresses and is aggressively pursued by the city government of Manila. 30 buildings are already identified to be converted into BPO offices. These buildings are mostly located along the Escolta Street of Binondo, which are all unoccupied and can be converted into offices.Divisoria in Tondo is known as the 'shopping mecca of the Philippines.'

Numerous shopping malls are located in this place, which sells products and goods at bargain price. Small vendors occupy several roads that causes pedestrian and vehicular traffic. A famous landmark in Divisoria is the Tutuban Center, a large shopping mall that is a part of the '. It attracts 1 million people every month, but is expected to add another 400,000 people when the West Extension is constructed, which is set to make it as Manila's busiest transfer station. The, the central bank of the PhilippinesDiverse manufacturers within the city produce industrial-related products such as chemicals, textiles, clothing, and electronic goods.

Food and beverages and tobacco products also produced. Local entrepreneurs continue to process primary commodities for export, including rope, plywood, refined sugar, and coconut oil. The food-processing industry is one of the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.The houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of the three major players in the country's petroleum industry, namely,. The oil depot has been a subject of various concerns, including its environmental and health impact to the residents of Manila. The Supreme Court has ordered that the oil depot to be relocated outside the city by July 2015, but it failed to meet this deadline. Most of the oil depot facility inside the 33 hectare compound have been demolished, and plans are put into place to transform it into a transport hub or even a food park.Manila is a major publishing center in the Philippines., the Philippines' largest broadsheet newspaper by circulation, is headquartered in Intramuros.

Other major publishing companies in the country like, and are headquartered in the Port Area. The, the Philippines' oldest existing Chinese-language newspaper, and the country's third-oldest existing newspaper is headquartered in.Manila serves as the headquarters of the which is located along. Some universal banks in the Philippines that has its headquarters in the city are the.

Used to have its corporate office along in before transferring to in 2016., a company listed in the, also has its regional office along UN Avenue.Tourism. The historic in.Manila welcomes over 1 million tourists each year. Major tourist destinations include the historic Walled City of, the, Binondo (Chinatown), Ermita, the. Both the historic Walled City of Intramuros and Rizal Park were designated as flagship destinations and as a tourism enterprise zones in the Tourism Act of 2009.Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is the national park and the largest urban park in Asia with an area of 58 hectares (140 acres), The park was constructed as an honor and dedication to the country's national hero, who was executed by the Spaniards on charges of subversion. The flagpole west of the Rizal Monument is the marker for distances to the rest of the country.

The park was managed by the National Parks and Development Committee.The 0.67 square kilometers (0.26 sq mi) Walled City of is the historic center of Manila. It is administered by the, an attached agency of the. It contains the famed and the 18th Century, a. Is a popular mode of transportation for tourists in Intramuros and nearby places including Binondo, Ermita and Rizal Park. Known as the oldest in the world, was established on 1521 and it was already a hub of Chinese commerce even before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines. Its main attractions are, Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch, Seng Guan Buddhist temple and authentic Chinese restaurants.Manila is designated as the country's pioneer of, expecting it to generate $1 billion in revenue annually.

However, lack of progressive health system, inadequate infrastructure and the unstable political environment are seen as hindrances for its growth. Shopping. Is a popular flea market for locals and tourists.Manila is regarded as one of the best shopping destinations in Asia. Major, and thrive within the city.One of the city's famous shopping destinations is, home to numerous shopping malls in the city, including the famed Tutuban Center and the. It is also dubbed as the shopping mecca of the Philippines where everything is sold at bargain price. There are almost 1 million shoppers in Divisoria according to the Manila Police District. Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world, is the city's center of commerce and trade for all types of businesses run by merchants with a wide variety of Chinese and Filipino shops and restaurants.

Quiapo is referred to as the 'Old Downtown', where, markets, boutique shops, music and electronics stores are common. Is where lots of department stores are located.is the largest shopping mall in the city.

The mall was the second and the largest built. Operates two shopping malls in the city which are the SM City Manila. SM City Manila is located on the former grounds of YMCA Manila beside the in, while SM City San Lazaro is built on the site of the former San Lazaro Hippodrome in. The building of the former Manila Royal Hotel in, which is famed for its revolving restaurant atop, is now the that was established in 1972.

The site of the first is located at Carlos Palanca Sr. (formerly Echague) Street in.Culture Museums. The Intramuros Golf ClubSports in Manila have a long and distinguished history. The city's, and in general the country's main sport is, and most barangays have a basketball court or at least a makeshift basketball court, with court markings drawn on the streets. Larger barangays have covered courts where inter-barangay leagues are held every summer (April to May). Manila has many sports venues, such as the and San Andres Gym, the home of the now defunct. The Rizal Memorial Sports Complex houses the, Tennis Courts, the and the (the latter two are indoor arenas).

The Rizal complex had hosted several multi-sport events, such as the and the. Whenever the country hosts the, most of the events are held at the complex, but in the, most events were held elsewhere.

The and the, forerunners of the, was hosted by the memorial coliseum, with the winning on both tournaments. The was held at the coliseum although the latter stages were held in the in, Southeast Asia's largest indoor arena at that time.Manila also hosts several well-known sports facilities such as the and the, both of which are private venues owned by a university; collegiate sports are also held, with the and the basketball games held at Rizal Memorial Coliseum and Ninoy Aquino Stadium, although basketball events had transferred to 's and the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City. Other collegiate sports are still held at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. Professional basketball also used to play at the city, but the now holds their games at Araneta Coliseum and at; the now defunct played some of their games at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex.The are the city's team training at Rizal Park (Luneta Park) and playing their matches at Southern Plains Field,. Previously a widely played sport in the city, Manila is now the home of the only sizable stadium in the country, at the. The stadium hosts games of; and were the first players to score a at the stadium at their tour of the country on December 2, 1934.

Another popular sport in the city are, and billiard halls are a feature in most barangays. The was held at.The hosted the first qualifier in decades when the hosted in July 2011.

The stadium, which was previously unfit for international matches, had undergone a major renovation program before the match. The stadium also hosted its first when it hosted the tournaments. Festivities and holidays.

The seat of city government.Manila—officially known as the City of Manila—is the of the Philippines and is classified as a Special City (according to its income) and a (HUC). The is the chief executive, and is assisted by the vice mayor, the 36-member City Council, six Congressmen, the President of the Association of Barangay Captains, and the President of the. The members of the City Council are elected as representatives of specific congressional districts within the city. The city, however, have no control over Intramuros and the Manila North Harbor. The historic Walled City is administered by the, while the Manila North Harbor is managed by the Philippine Ports Authority.

Both are national government agencies. The barangays that have jurisdictions over these places only oversee the welfare of the city's constituents and cannot exercise their executive powers. Manila has a total of 15,489 personnel complement by the end of 2018.The current is Francisco ' Domagoso, who previously served as the city's vice mayor. The current vice mayor is Dr. Maria Shielah 'Honey' Lacuna-Pangan, daughter of former Manila Vice Mayor Danny Lacuna. The mayor and the vice mayor are term-limited by up to 3 terms, with each term lasting for 3 years. In Intramuros is home to the Philippine and Intramuros Administration.Manila, being the seat of political power of the Philippines, has several national government offices headquartered at the city.

Planning for the development for being the center of government started during the early years of when they envisioned a well-designed city outside the walls of Intramuros. The strategic location chosen was Bagumbayan, a former town which is now the Rizal Park to become the center of government and a design commission was given to to create a master plan for the city patterned after These improvements were eventually abandoned under the Commonwealth Government of.A new government center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila, or what is now Quezon City. Several government agencies have set up their headquarters in Quezon City but several key government offices still reside in Manila.

However, many of the plans were substantially altered after the devastation of Manila during World War II and by subsequent administrations.The city, as the capital, still hosts the Office of the President, as well as the president's official residence. Aside from these, important government agencies and institutions such as the, the, the, the of, and still call the city home.

Manila also hosts important national institutions such as the National Library, National Archives, National Museum and the Philippine General Hospital.Congress previously held office at the. In 1972, due to declaration of martial law, Congress was dissolved; its successor, the, held office at the new. When a new restored the Congress, the House of Representatives stayed at the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate remained at the Old Congress Building. In May 1997, the Senate transferred to a new building it shares with the at reclaimed land at. The will also transfer to its new campus at, in 2019. Finance In the 2018 Annual Audit Report published by the, it is stated that the total revenue of the City of Manila amounts to ₱14.1 billion.

It is one of the cities with the highest tax collection and internal revenue allotment. Manila collects an annual tax revenue amounting to ₱7.3 billion. The city's total Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), coming from the National Treasury, is at ₱2.94 billion. Meanwhile, its total assets was worth ₱40.7 billion in 2018.

The City of Manila has the highest budget allocation to healthcare among all the cities and municipalities in the Philippines, which maintains the six district hospitals, 59 health centers and lying-in clinic, and healthcare programs.Barangays and districts. District map of Manila that shows its sixteen districts.Manila is made up of 896, which are grouped into 100 Zones for statistical convenience. Manila has the most number of barangays in the Philippines. Attempts at reducing its number have not prospered despite local legislation—Ordinance 7907, passed on April 23, 1996—reducing the number from 896 to 150 by merging existing barangays, because of the failure to hold a plebiscite. (2015 population: 415,906) covers the western part of Tondo and is the most densely populated Congressional District.

It is the home to one of the biggest urban poor communities. The in Balut Island is once known as the largest landfill where thousands of impoverished people lives in the slums. After the closure of the landfill in 1995, mid-rise housing buildings were built in place. This district also contains the Manila North Harbour Centre, the Manila North Harbor, and the Manila International Container Terminal of the. (2015 population: 215,457) covers the eastern part of Tondo known as Gagalangin.

It contains Divisoria, a popular shopping place in the Philippines and the site of the of the. (2015 population: 221,780) covers Binondo, Quiapo, San Nicolas and Santa Cruz. It encompasses the so-called 'Downtown Manila' or traditional business district of the city and the oldest Chinatown in the world.

(2015 population: 265,046) covers Sampaloc and some parts of Santa Mesa. It contains numerous higher educational institutions, which were located along the city's ', a de facto sub-district. It contains the, the oldest existing university in which was established in 1611. (2015 population: 366,714) covers Ermita, Malate, Paco, Port Area, Intramuros, San Andres Bukid, and a portion of Santa Ana. The historic Walled City is located here, along with and, a.

(2007 population: 295,245) covers Pandacan, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Mesa and a portion of Paco. Santa Ana district is known for its 18th Century. Is located here, the most populous university in the Philippines.NameDistrictAreaPopulation(2015)Densitykm 2sq mi/km 2/sq mi30.18,0,000.6,350.5,9358,52.86,5,000575 & 62.82,8,0004361.660.6487.66,4,00.34,645.265,1.128.17,9,000.66,561.66.118,8,001.002,011 & 28.631,90,000258Infrastructure Housing. The Housing Project was built on a former landfill. Continuous development of housing buildings continues up to the present day.Development of public housing in the city began in the 1930s when the United States rule over the Philippines. Americans have to deal with the problem of sanitation and concentration of settlers around business areas. Business codes and sanitation laws were implemented in the 1930s.

During this period until the 1950s, new communities were opened for relocation. Among these were Projects 1–8 in Diliman, and the Vitas tenement houses in Tondo. The government implemented the Public Housing Policy in 1947 that established the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC). A few years later, it put up the Slum Clearance Committee which, with the help of the PHHC, relocated thousands of families from Tondo and Quezon City to Sapang Palay in in the 1960s.In 2016, the national government completed several medium-rise houses for 300 Manila residents whose slum community was destroyed by a fire in 2011. Recently, Mayor Isko Moreno plans to retrofit dilapidated tenements within the city.

A meeting was held with the National Housing Authority for the relocation of affected residents. Transportation.